Ho eketsa matla a lienjineri tse tukang ka hare, li-unit tse khethehileng - li-turbocharger - li sebelisoa haholo.Bala ka hore na turbocharger ke eng, hore na lihlopha tsena ke tsa mofuta ofe, hore na li hlophisitsoe joang le hore na mosebetsi oa tsona o thehiloe holim'a melao-motheo efe, hammoho le tlhokomelo le tokiso ea tsona sehloohong sena.
Turbocharger ke eng?
The turbocharger ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea tsamaiso ea aggregate pressurization ea lienjineri tse tukang ka hare, e leng yuniti ea ho eketsa khatello ea pampitšana ea enjene ka lebaka la matla a likhase tse tsoang.
Turbocharger e sebelisoa ho eketsa matla a enjene e tukang ka hare ntle le tšitiso e matla moralong oa eona.Sehlopha sena se eketsa khatello ka har'a pampitšana e kenang ea enjene, e fana ka palo e eketsehileng ea motsoako oa mafura-moea ho likamore tse tukang.Tabeng ena, ho chesa ho etsahala ka mocheso o phahameng ka ho thehoa ha likhase tse kholoanyane, tse lebisang ho eketseha ha khatello ea piston 'me, ka lebaka leo, ho eketseha ha torque le litšobotsi tsa matla a enjene.
Tšebeliso ea turbocharger e u lumella ho eketsa matla a enjene ka 20-50% ka keketseho e fokolang ea litšenyehelo tsa eona ('me ka liphetoho tse kholo, kholo ea matla e ka fihla ho 100-120%).Ka lebaka la bonolo, ts'epahalo le ts'ebetso ea tsona, litsamaiso tsa khatello tse thehiloeng ho turbocharger li sebelisoa haholo mefuteng eohle ea likoloi tse tukang ka hare.
Mefuta le litšobotsi tsa li-turbocharger
Kajeno, ho na le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea li-turbocharger, empa li ka aroloa ka lihlopha ho latela morero oa tsona le ts'ebetso ea tsona, mofuta oa turbine o sebelisitsoeng le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng.
Ho ea ka morero, li-turbocharger li ka aroloa ka mefuta e 'maloa:
• Bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa mohato o le mong oa khatello - turbocharger e le 'ngoe ka enjene, kapa likarolo tse peli kapa ho feta tse sebetsang ka li-cylinders tse ngata;
• Bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa letoto le li-series-parallel inflation (mefuta e fapaneng ea Twin Turbo) - likarolo tse peli tse ts'oanang kapa tse fapaneng tse sebetsang sehlopheng se le seng sa li-cylinders;
• Bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa mehato e 'meli ea khatello, ho na le li-turbocharger tse nang le litšobotsi tse fapaneng, tse sebetsang ka bobeli (ka ho latellana ka mor'a tse ling) bakeng sa sehlopha se le seng sa li-cylinders.
E sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa ke mekhoa ea khatello ea mohato o le mong e hahiloeng motheong oa turbocharger e le 'ngoe.Leha ho le joalo, tsamaiso e joalo e ka 'na ea e-ba le likarolo tse peli kapa tse' nè tse tšoanang - ka mohlala, ka lienjineng tse nang le sebōpeho sa V, ho sebelisoa li-turbocharger tse arohaneng bakeng sa mela e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea li-cylinders, ka lienjineng tse nang le li-cylinder tse ngata (tse fetang 8) li ka sebelisoa li-turbocharger tse 'nè. e sebetsang ho li-cylinders tse 2, 4 kapa ho feta.Tse sa tloaelehang ke litsamaiso tsa khatello ea mekhahlelo e 'meli le mefuta e fapaneng ea Twin-Turbo, li sebelisa li-turbocharger tse nang le litšobotsi tse fapaneng tse ka sebetsang ka bobeli feela.
Ho latela ts'ebeliso, li-turbocharger li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse 'maloa:
• Ka mofuta oa enjene - bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa peterole, disele le khase;
• Ho ea ka bophahamo ba enjene le matla - bakeng sa likarolo tsa matla tsa matla a manyenyane, a mahareng le a phahameng;bakeng sa dienjini tse lebelo le phahameng, jj.
Li-turbocharger li ka ba le e 'ngoe ea mefuta e' meli ea turbine:
• Radial (radial-axial, centripetal) - ho phalla ha likhase tsa ho qeta ho fepeloa ho pota-potiloe ke turbine impeller, ho fallela bohareng ba eona 'me ho ntšoa ka tsela ea axial;
• Axial - phallo ea likhase tsa mouoane e fanoa hammoho le axis (ho ea bohareng) ea turbine impeller 'me e ntšoa ho tloha sebakeng sa eona.
Kajeno, merero ka bobeli e sebelisoa, empa ka lienjineri tse nyane u ka fumana hangata li-turbocharger tse nang le turbine ea radial-axial, 'me ho li-unit tse matla tsa motlakase, ho khethoa li-axial turbines (le hoja sena e se molao).Ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa turbine, li-turbocharger tsohle li na le komporo ea centrifugal - ho eona moea o fanoa bohareng ba mokelikeli ebe o tlosoa sebakeng sa eona.
Li-turbocharger tsa sejoale-joale li ka ba le ts'ebetso e fapaneng:
• Ho kenya habeli - turbine e na le lisebelisoa tse peli, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e fumana likhase tse tsoang ho sehlopha se le seng sa li-cylinders, tharollo ena e fokotsa ho theoha ha khatello tsamaisong le ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba ho matlafatsa;
• Geometry e feto-fetohang - turbine e na le mahare a sisinyehang kapa selikalikoe se thellang, seo ka sona u ka fetolang phallo ea likhase tsa ho qeta ho impeller, sena se u lumella ho fetola litšobotsi tsa turbocharger ho itšetlehile ka mokhoa oa ho sebetsa oa enjene.
Qetellong, li-turbocharger li fapana ka litšobotsi tsa tsona tsa mantlha tsa ts'ebetso le bokhoni.Har'a litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa lihlopha tsena li lokela ho totobatsoa:
• Tekanyo ea ho eketseha ha khatello - karolelano ea khatello ea moea sebakeng sa ho tsoa ha compressor ho ea ho khatello ea moea sebakeng sa ho kena, e sebakeng sa 1.5-3;
• Phepelo ea li-compressor (ho phalla ha moea ka har'a compressor) - boima ba moea o fetang ka har'a compressor ka nako ea nako (ea bobeli) e sebakeng sa 0.5-2 kg / s;
• Lebelo la lebelo la ho sebetsa le tloha ho makholo a 'maloa (bakeng sa li-locomotives tse matla tsa diesel, liindasteri le lienjine tse ling tsa diesel) ho ea ho mashome a likete (bakeng sa lienjene tsa morao-rao tse qobelloang) ka motsotsoana. Lebelo le phahameng le lekanyelitsoe ke matla a turbine le li-compressor impellers, haeba lebelo la ho potoloha le phahame haholo ka lebaka la matla a centrifugal, lebili le ka putlama.Ho li-turbocharger tsa sejoale-joale, lintlha tsa mabili tsa mabili li ka potoloha ka lebelo la 500-600 kapa ho feta m / s, ke hore, ka makhetlo a 1.5-2 ka lebelo ho feta lebelo la molumo, sena se baka ho hlaha ha mololi oa turbine;
• Mocheso o sebetsang / o phahameng oa likhase tsa ho qeta ho kena ho turbine o sebakeng sa 650-700 ° C, maemong a mang o fihla ho 1000 ° C;
• Ho sebetsa hantle ha turbine / compressor hangata ke 0.7-0.8, yuniti e le 'ngoe bokhoni ba turbine hangata bo tlase ho feta bokhabane ba compressor.
Hape, lihlopha li fapana ka boholo, mofuta oa ho kenya, tlhokahalo ea ho sebelisa likarolo tse thusang, joalo-joalo.
Moqapi oa turbocharger
Ka kakaretso, turbocharger e na le likarolo tse tharo tse kholo:
1.Turbine;
2.Compressor;
3.Ho jara matlo (ntlo e bohareng).
Setšoantšo se tloaelehileng sa enjene e tukang e kopanyang moea oa khatello ea moea
Turbine ke yuniti e fetolang matla a kinetic a likhase tse tsoang ho matla a mochini (ka torque ea lebili), e netefatsang ts'ebetso ea compressor.Compressor ke sesebelisoa sa ho pompa moea.Ntlo e nang le thepa e kopanya likarolo tse peli ka mohaho o le mong, 'me rotor shaft e teng ho eona e tiisa hore ho fetisoa ha torque ho tloha lebili la turbine ho ea lebili la compressor.
Karolo ea turbocharger
The turbine le compressor li na le moralo o tšoanang.Motheo oa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lihlopha tsena ke 'mele oa cochlear, likarolong tse ka thōko le tse bohareng tseo ho tsona ho nang le liphaephe bakeng sa ho hokahanya le tsamaiso ea khatello.Ka har'a compressor, pipe e kenang e lula e le bohareng, ho tsoa (ho ntša) ho pota-potile.Tlhophiso e tšoanang ea liphaephe bakeng sa li-axial turbines, bakeng sa li-radial-axial turbines, sebaka sa liphaephe se fapane (ka periphery - ho kenngoa, bohareng - ho qeta).
Ka hare ho mokotla ho na le lebili le nang le mahare a sebopeho se khethehileng.Mabili ka bobeli - turbine le compressor - a ts'oaroa ke shaft e tloaelehileng e fetang har'a matlo a bere.Mabili a tiile-a lahletsoe kapa a kopantsoe, sebopeho sa mabili a mabili a turbine se tiisa tšebeliso e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ea matla a khase ea ho felloa ke matla, sebopeho sa mahare a mabili a compressor se fana ka phello e phahameng ea centrifugal.Li-turbine tsa morao-rao tse phahameng li ka sebelisa mabili a kopantsoeng a nang le mahare a ceramic, a nang le boima bo tlaase 'me a sebetsa hantle.Boholo ba mabili a li-turbocharger tsa enjine ea likoloi ke 50-180 mm, li-locomotive tse matla, liindasteri le li-diesel tse ling ke 220-500 mm kapa ho feta.
Mehaho ka bobeli e behiloe holim'a ntlo e nang le liboutu ka litiiso.Li-bearings tse hlakileng (hangata li-bearings tsa moralo o khethehileng) le li-O-rings li teng mona.Hape ntlong e bohareng ho na le liteishene tsa oli bakeng sa ho tlotsa li-bearings le shaft, le ho li-turbocharger tse ling le sekoti sa baki ea ho futhumatsa metsi.Nakong ea ho kenya, yuniti e hokahane le lisebelisoa tsa enjene tsa lubrication le pholileng.
Likarolo tse fapaneng tse thusang li ka boela tsa fanoa ka moralo oa turbocharger, ho kenyelletsa le likarolo tsa sistimi ea phepelo ea khase, li-valve tsa oli, likarolo tsa ho ntlafatsa ho tlotsa likarolo le ho pholisa ha tsona, li-valve tsa taolo, jj.
Likarolo tsa turbocharger li entsoe ka limaraka tse khethehileng tsa tšepe, litšepe tse sa keneng mocheso li sebelisoa bakeng sa lebili la turbine.Lisebelisoa li khethoa ka hloko ho ea ka coefficient ea ho atolosoa ha mocheso, e leng se tiisang hore ho tšepahala ha moralo ka mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea ho sebetsa.
Turbocharger e kenyelelitsoe tsamaisong ea khatello ea moea, e kenyelletsang ho kenya le ho qeta mekhoa e mengata, le lits'ebetsong tse rarahaneng - intercooler (radiator e futhumatsang moea), li-valve tse fapa-fapaneng, li-sensor, li-dampers le liphaephe.
Molao-motheo oa ts'ebetso ea turbocharger
Ts'ebetso ea turbocharger e theohela ho melao-motheo e bonolo.The turbine ea yuniti e kenngoa ka har'a sistimi ea ho tima enjene, compressor - ka har'a pampitšana ea ho kenya.Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea enjene, likhase tsa mouoane li kena ka har'a turbine, li otla mahare a mabili, li e fa matla a eona a kinetic le ho etsa hore e potolohe.Torque e tsoang ho turbine e fetisetsoa ka kotloloho ho mabili a compressor ka shaft.Ha o potoloha, lebili la compressor le lahlela moea ho periphery, ho eketsa khatello ea eona - moea ona o fanoa ka bongata bo kenang.
Turbocharger e le 'ngoe e na le mefokolo e mengata, e kholo ea eona ke tieho ea turbo kapa sekoti sa turbo.Mabili a yuniti a na le boima le inertia e itseng, kahoo ha a khone ho bilika hang hang ha lebelo la yuniti ea matla le eketseha.Ka hona, ha u hatella pedal ea khase ka matla, enjene ea turbocharged ha e potlake hang-hang - ho na le khefu e khutšoanyane, ho hlōleha ha matla.Tharollo ea bothata bona ke litsamaiso tse khethehileng tsa taolo ea li-turbine, li-turbocharger tse nang le geometry e fapaneng, letoto la li-parallel le mekhahlelo e 'meli ea khatello ea maikutlo, le tse ling.
Molao-motheo oa ts'ebetso ea turbocharger
Litaba tsa tlhokomelo le tokiso ea li-turbocharger
Turbocharger e hloka tlhokomelo e fokolang.Ntho e ka sehloohong ke ho fetola oli ea enjene le filthara ea oli ka nako.Haeba enjene e ntse e ka sebetsa ka oli ea khale ka nako e itseng, joale e ka ba e bolaeang bakeng sa turbocharger - esita le ho senyeha ho fokolang ha boleng ba lubricant ka mejaro e phahameng ho ka lebisa ho jamming le ho senyeha ha yuniti.Hape ho kgothaletswa ho hloekisa nako le nako likarolo tsa turbine ho tloha ho li-deposit tsa carbon, tse hlokang ho qhaqhoa ha eona, empa mosebetsi ona o lokela ho etsoa feela ka tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse khethehileng le lisebelisoa.
Hangata turbocharger e nang le phoso e bonolo ho e khutlisa ho feta ho e lokisa.Bakeng sa ho nchafatsa, hoa hlokahala ho sebelisa yuniti ea mofuta o tšoanang le mohlala o kentsoeng enjeneng pejana.Ho kenngoa ha turbocharger e nang le litšobotsi tse ling ho ka senya ts'ebetso ea motlakase.Ho molemo ho tšepa khetho, ho kenya le ho fetola yuniti ho litsebi - sena se tiisa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea mosebetsi le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea enjene.Ka phetoho e nepahetseng ea turbocharger, enjene e tla fumana matla a maholo hape e tla khona ho rarolla mesebetsi e thata ka ho fetisisa.
Nako ea poso: Aug-21-2023